Frequency of breakfast consumption and its associations with food consumption by degree of industrial processing and with indicators of overweight in Brazilian adolescents (EVA-JF Study).

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of breakfast consumption and estimate its associations with the consumption of food at different degrees of industrial processing and with overweight indicators in Brazilian adolescents. METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved a probabilistic sample of 14- to 19-y-old adolescents enrolled in 29 public schools in the municipality of Juiz de Fora, MG, Southeast Brazil (n = 805). The frequency of breakfast consumption was evaluated via a questionnaire (classified into "do not consume", "sometimes consume", and "regularly consume"). The evaluation of food consumption involved two 24-h dietary recalls, the items of which were analyzed according to the NOVA classification system. Overweight indicators (waist circumference, body mass index for age (BMI-for-age), and body fat percentage) were evaluated according to a standard protocol. Linear regression models were performed, first without and then with adjustments for sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS: We found that 20% of adolescents skipped breakfast, and ∼46% of the caloric intake came from ultra-processed foods. Breakfast omission was associated with a mean increase of 3.02% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.52-5.53) in energy intake from ultra-processed foods, in addition to a mean increase of 0.28 z-score (95% CI, 0.05- 0.52) of BMI-for-age and of 1.64% (95% CI, 0.21-3.08) in body fat. CONCLUSIONS: We verified that the omission of breakfast was associated with higher consumption of ultra-processed foods, as well as a higher BMI-for-age and higher percentage of body fat, reinforcing the importance of actions to encourage the consumption of this meal and the adoption of healthy eating practices in adolescents.

Involvement of Brazilian adolescents in home cooking: An exploratory analysis (EVA-JF Study).

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of Brazilian adolescents in home cooking, estimating its associations with sex and socioeconomic status. METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved a probabilistic sample of 14- to 19-y-olds enrolled in 29 public schools in the municipality of Juiz de Fora, MG, Southeast Brazil (n = 835). To assess involvement in home cooking, a 12-question questionnaire was used. The content was based on the Brazilian Food Guide, which encourages the acquisition, development, and sharing of culinary skills. Pearson's χ test and Poisson regression models were carried out, without and with adjustments. RESULTS: Most of the adolescents did not usually participate in meal planning (61%), and in the choice/purchase of food and culinary ingredients (67%). Boys were less likely to know how to cook "from scratch", positively self-evaluate their culinary skills, enjoy cooking, wish to learn more about cooking and meal preparation, and to participate frequently in the planning and preparation of meals. Belonging to a lower socioeconomic status represented a greater probability of preparing meals alone for the family. CONCLUSIONS: We verified an alarming prevalence of adolescents with behaviors unaligned with Brazilian Food Guide recommendations; that is, most of them, especially boys, were not involved in home cooking. Adolescence may present a window of opportunity for the development of culinary skills, resulting in long-term benefits for the population's diet quality. Furthermore, to change a historical pattern that overloads women's daily lives, it is necessary to encourage, from an early age, the presence of boys in the kitchen.

Tradução e adaptação transcultural do Questionário de Escolhas Alimentares para Adolescentes Brasileiros (FCQ-A-BR) / Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Food Choice Questionnaire for Brazilian Adolescents (FCQ-A-BR)

Resumo Introdução Instrumentos que busquem conhecer os motivos que propiciam as escolhas alimentares em adolescentes são inexistentes no Brasil até o momento. O Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ) para adolescentes é um questionário de fácil aplicação e que pode ser utilizado não somente em pesquisas, mas também nos serviços de atenção à saúde. Objetivo Descrever as etapas iniciais - validade de face e de conteúdo - do processo de tradução e adaptação transcultural do FCQ para adolescentes da versão em espanhol para o português do Brasil. Método Trata-se de um estudo metodológico de tradução e adaptação transcultural, em conformidade com as normas internacionais para tradução de instrumentos para validação. Foram seguidas quatro etapas: tradução, retradução, avaliação por comitê de especialistas e dois pré-testes, que foram realizados com adolescentes com idades entre 14 e 19 anos. Resultados Os itens e o título do instrumento foram traduzidos para o português. Alguns itens necessitaram de ajustes para melhor compreensão do público-alvo. O tempo médio de aplicação foi de sete minutos. Um item foi eliminado do questionário e modificou-se a escala de resposta para melhor adequação do instrumento. Conclusão O processo inicial de tradução e adaptação transcultural do Questionário de Escolhas Alimentares para Adolescentes Brasileiros (FCQ-A-BR) atestou as validades de face e conteúdo. No entanto, faz-se necessária a complementação das análises psicométricas, para utilização do instrumento, caso elas se mostrem satisfatórias.

Abstract Background Instruments that seek to find out the reasons that lead to food choices among adolescents are not yet available in Brazil so far. The Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ) for adolescents is a simple questionnaire that can be used not only in research, but also in healthcare. Objective To describe the initial steps - face and content validity - of the process of translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the FCQ for adolescents from the Spanish version into Brazilian Portuguese. Method This is a methodological study of translation and cross-cultural adaptation, in accordance with international standards for translation of instruments for validation. Four steps were followed: translation, back-translation, evaluation by an expert committee and two pre-tests, which were carried out with adolescents aged between 14 and 19 years. Results The items and the instrument title were translated to Portuguese. Some items needed adjustments to better understand the target audience. The average application time was seven minutes. One item was eliminated from the questionnaire and the response scale was modified to better suit the instrument. Conclusion The initial process of translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Food Choice Questionnaire for Brazilian Adolescents (FCQ-A-BR) attested to the face and content validity. However, it is necessary to complement the psychometric analyses, to use the instrument, if they are satisfactory.

Eating contexts and their associations with socio-demographic factors in Brazilian adolescents (EVA-JF Study).

OBJECTIVE: To describe the eating contexts and estimate their associations with socio-demographic factors in a sample of Brazilian adolescents. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. We used an exploratory questionnaire about eating contexts (encompassing regularity of meals, places where they occur and if they take place with attention and in company), which was submitted to cluster analysis. Subsequently, three clusters were identified: cluster 1, 'appropriate eating contexts at breakfast, lunch and dinner'; cluster 2, 'inappropriate eating context at breakfast' and cluster 3, 'inappropriate eating context at dinner'. Multinomial logistic regression models were performed, without and with adjustments, using cluster 1 as reference. SETTING: Twenty-nine public schools of Juiz de Fora, MG, Southeast Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: Adolescents, 14-19-year-olds (n 835). RESULTS: We observed relevant prevalence of adolescents omitting breakfast (52·9 %) and dinner (39·3 %), and who had the habit of eating sitting/lying on the couch/bed or standing/walking, and in front of screens. Breakfast usually occurred unaccompanied (70·8 %); around half (47·5 %) and little over a third (36·1 %) of the sample also would usually have lunch and dinner unaccompanied, respectively. Furthermore, through multivariate analysis, we found associations of eating contexts clusters with female sex (more likely in clusters 2 and 3), age range 14-15-year-olds (less likely in cluster 2) and higher mother's schooling (more likely in cluster 3). CONCLUSIONS: We verified an alarming prevalence of adolescents with eating contexts unaligned with healthy eating recommendations. Additionally, inappropriate eating contexts at breakfast and/or at dinner were associated with socio-demographic factors (sex, age range and mother's schooling).

Eating contexts at breakfast, lunch, and dinner: Associations with ultra-processed foods consumption and overweight in Brazilian adolescents (EVA-JF Study).

This cross-sectional study estimated associations of eating contexts (including regularity of meals, places where they occur, and if they take place with attention and in company) with food consumption by degree of industrial processing and overweight indicators in a sample of Brazilian adolescents (14-19 years old) enrolled in 29 public schools in Juiz de Fora, MG (n = 805). We used an exploratory questionnaire, which was submitted to cluster analysis. Three clusters were identified: cluster 1 (n = 572), "appropriate eating contexts at breakfast, lunch, and dinner"; cluster 2 (n = 139), "inappropriate eating context at breakfast"; and cluster 3 (n = 94) "inappropriate eating context at dinner". The evaluation of food consumption involved two 24-h dietary recalls, whose items were analyzed according to the NOVA classification system. Linear regression models were performed, using cluster 1 as reference. Clusters 2 and 3 were associated with an increase in the energy fraction from ultra-processed foods [respectively, ß = 2.55% (IC 95%: 0.50; 5.05) and ß = 4.18% (IC 95%: 1.21; 7.14)]; and cluster 2 was associated with a reduction in the energy fraction from unprocessed or minimally processed foods and processed culinary ingredients [ß = -3.61% (IC 95%: -6.40; -0.82)]. Additionally, clusters 2 and 3 were associated with an increase of body mass index for age [respectively, ß = 0.23 z-score (IC 95%: 0.01; 0.46) and ß = 0.27 z-score (IC 95%: 0.02; 0.54)]; and cluster 2 was associated with an increase of body fat [ß = 1.21% (IC 95%: 0.23; 2.64)]. In conclusion, inappropriate eating contexts at breakfast and dinner were associated with higher ultra-processed food intake, higher body mass index and higher body fat percentage.

Consumption of differently processed food by public school adolescents / Consumo alimentar de adolescentes de escolas públicas segundo grau de processamento industrial dos alimentos

ABSTRACT Objective To characterize food consumption, considering the degree of industrial food processing by public schools' adolescents. Methods Cross-sectional study involving adolescents aged 14 to 19 years, of both genders, attending public schools in Juiz de Fora, MG. Food consumption was assessed using two 24-hour dietary recalls. Foods were classified into three groups according to the degree of industrial processing: (1) unprocessed foods or minimally processed foods, culinary ingredients and preparations based on these foods; (2) processed foods; (3) ultra-processed foods. In addition, weight and height information was collected, with subsequent calculation of body mass index/age to assess the individuals' nutritional status according to the gender. Pearson's chi-square, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were performed, adopting a value of p<0.05. Results The sample consisted of 804 adolescents, with a predominance of females (57.5%). In the sample, 29.9% and 26.1%, of girls and boys, respectively, were overweight. There was a difference in the daily consumption of ready-made sweet-tasting foods, being higher in females (26.2%) when compared to males (18.1%), whereas the consumption of soft drinks (one to four times a week) was 47.2% and 55.6% in girls and boys, respectively (p<0.05). Higher consumption of ultra-processed foods was observed in females (p=0.02) and processed foods in males (p=0.008). Conclusion There was a high contribution of ultra-processed foods in the diet of adolescents in public schools; a high prevalence of overweight was observed in both genders.

RESUMO Objetivo Caracterizar o consumo alimentar através do grau de processamento industrial dos alimentos consumidos por adolescentes matriculados em escolas públicas. Métodos Estudo transversal com adolescentes de 14 a 19 anos de ambos os sexos matriculados em escolas públicas de Juiz de Fora, MG. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado através de dois recordatórios de 24h. Os alimentos foram classificados em três grupos de acordo com o grau de processamento industrial: (1) alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados, ingredientes culinários e preparações a base desses alimentos; (2) alimentos processados; (3) alimentos ultraprocessados. Ademais, foram coletadas informações de peso e altura dos estudantes, com posterior cálculo de índice de massa corporal/idade para avaliação do estado nutricional conforme o sexo. Foram realizados os testes Qui-quadrado de Pearson, Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis, adotando o valor de p<0,05. Resultados A amostra foi composta por 804 adolescentes, com predomínio do sexo feminino (57,5%). Entre os adolescentes, 29,9% das meninas e 26,1% dos meninos apresentaram excesso de peso. Observou-se diferença no consumo diário de alimentos prontos de sabor doce, sendo maior no sexo feminino (26,2%) quando comparado ao masculino (18,1%), ao passo que o consumo de refrigerantes de uma a quatro vezes na semana foi de 47,2% e 55,6% nas meninas e meninos, respectivamente (p<0,05). Maior consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados foi observado no sexo feminino (p=0,02) e de alimentos processados no sexo masculino (p=0,008). Conclusão Verificou-se elevada contribuição proveniente do grupo dos alimentos ultraprocessados na dieta dos adolescentes de escolas públicas, com altas prevalências de excesso de peso em ambos os sexos.

Avaliação da rotulagem nutricional de biscoitos recheados com apelo infantil / Evaluation of the nutritional labeling of cookies with children's appeal

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar qualitativa e quantitativamente os rótulos de biscoitos recheados com apelo infantil encontrados em redes de supermercados do município de Juiz de Fora/MG. Foi realizado um estudo transversal que investigou as embalagens de biscoitos recheados destinados ao público infantil, especialmente os rótulos nutricionais, por meio de análises qualitativas ­ atendimento da presença das informações obrigatórias exigidas nas resoluções ­ e quantitativas ­ adequação dos valores de energia, carboidrato, proteína, fibras, sódio, gordura total, saturada e trans em relação ao percentual do valor diário recomendado (%VDR) da Ingestão Diária Recomendada (IDR) para crianças de 2 a 6 anos de idade. Para a análise estatística foi utilizado o software SPSS® versão 21.0. Analisaram-se 16 produtos e constatou-se que 100% da amostra atendeu aos itens obrigatórios que devem estar presentes na rotulagem preconizados pela legislação vigente. Foi observado que a maioria dos produtos ultrapassou o %VDR para crianças em relação a energia, macronutrientes, sódio e fibras. Os biscoitos recheados analisados apresentam alterações quantitativas na rotulagem nutricional em relação aos valores de referência para a população infantil. Reiteramos a necessidade de mudanças na regulamentação da rotulagem nutricional de forma a facilitar a compreensão dos consumidores e sugerimos estudos complementares.

The objective of this study was to evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively the labels of cookies that appeal to children and that are found in supermarket chains in the city of Juiz de Fora/MG. A cross-sectional study was carried out to investigate the package of cookies intended for children, especially nutritional labels, by means of qualitative analyzes ­ attendance of the mandatory information required in the resolutions - and quantitative ­ adequacy of energy, carbohydrate and protein values , fiber, sodium, total fat, saturated and trans in relation to the Recommended Daily Intake Percentage (% VDR) for children from 2 to 6 years of age. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS® software version 21.0. A total of 16 products were analyzed and it was verified that 100% of the sample met the mandatory items that must be present in the labeling recommended by current legislation. Regarding energy, macronutrients, sodium and fiber, it was noted that most products exceeded % VDR for children. The cookies analyzed present quantitative changes in nutritional labeling in relation to the reference values for the infant population. We reiterate the need for changes in the regulation of nutrition labeling in order to facilitate consumer understanding and we suggest complementary studies.

Associação de estado nutricional e maturação sexual com insatisfação com a imagem corporal / Assossiation of nutritional status and sexual maturation with dissatisfaction with body image

Objetivo: Avaliar a associação do estado nutricional e maturação sexual com a insatisfação corporal em adolescentes. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo transversal, realizado com adolescentes de 10 a 14 anos de escolas públicas. Avaliaram-se peso, altura, IMC para idade, perímetro da cintura, percentual de gordura corporal, maturação sexual (escala de Tanner) e insatisfação corporal, por meio da pontuação na Escala de Evaluación de Insatisfación Corporal para Adolescentes (EEICA). Para as análises estatísticas, utilizou-se o programa SPSS versão 17.0 e realizaram-se os testes de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Qui-quadrado de Pearson, t de Student ou Anova, considerando-se nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 345 adolescentes, sendo 53,6% do sexo feminino. A maioria (63,6 % meninas e 66,7% dos meninos) são eutróficos. A pontuação média da EEICA no sexo feminino (11,46 ± 5,90) foi superior ao masculino (9,29 ± 4,71) (p<0,001). Em ambos os sexos, o IMC para idade, percentual de gordura corporal e razão cintura/estatura associaram-se a uma maior pontuação na EEICA (p<0,001). No sexo feminino, as pós-puberes foram mais insatisfeitas que as púberes. Conclusão: Observou-se maior pontuação no sexo feminino, assim como associação entre insatisfação corporal e o estado nutricional em ambos os sexos e com a maturação sexual no sexo feminino. Tais achados reforçam a importância da abordagem do tema e suas possíveis consequências, estimulando a reflexão sobre os padrões de beleza. (AU)

Objective: To evaluate the association of nutritional status and sexual maturation with body dissatisfaction in adolescents. Methods: This is a crosssectional study carried out with adolescentes aged 10 to 14 from public schools. Weight, height, BMI for age, waist circumference, percentage of body fat,sexual maturation (Tanner's scale) and body dissatisfaction were assessed using the Scale for Assessment of Body Dissatisfaction for Adolescents (EEICA). For the statistical analysis, the SPSS version 17.0 program was used and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Pearson's Chi-square, Student's T or Anova tests were used, considering a significance level of 5%. Results: The sample consisted of 345 adolescents, 53.6% female. The majority (63.6% girls and 66.7% boys) are eutrophic. The mean EEICA sco ,302r for females (11.46 ± 5.90) was higher than for males (9.29 ± 4.71) (p <0.001). In both sexes, the BMI for age, percentage of body fat and waist-toheight ratio were associated with a higher score in the EEICA (p <0.001). In the female, the post-puberals were more dissatisfied than the pubescent ones. Conclusion: It was observed a higher score in the female, as well as an association between body dissatisfaction and nutritional status in both sexes and sexual maturation in females. Such findings reinforce the importance of approaching the theme and its possible consequences, stimulating reflection on beauty standards. (AU)

Quemerina e fatores relacionados ao risco cardiovascular em crianças e adolescentes: uma revisão sistemática / Chemerin and factors related to cardiovascular risk in children and adolescents: a systematic review

RESUMO Objetivo: Sintetizar os achados sobre a quemerina e os fatores relacionados ao risco cardiovascular em crianças e adolescentes. Fontes de dados: Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática de acordo com os itens propostos pela diretriz PRISMA nas bases de dados PubMed, Science Direct e Lilacs. Utilizaram-se os descritores chemerin de forma associada a children e adolescent, sem limite de tempo. A pesquisa limitou-se a artigos originais realizados com seres humanos, em língua inglesa, excluindo-se a população adulta e idosa, assim como os artigos de revisão, comunicação breve, cartas e editoriais. Síntese dos dados: Após análise dos estudos por dois revisores, de forma independente, segundo os critérios de elegibilidade, permaneceram na revisão sete artigos, publicados entre 2012 e 2016. Foram incluídos estudos de delineamento transversal, prospectivo, coorte e caso-controle. A importância da adipocina quemerina nos fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares é demonstrada por meio de sua associação com obesidade e diabetes melito, assim como com parâmetros clínicos, antropométricos e bioquímicos. Entretanto, a força da evidência dos estudos é relativamente baixa, em função da heterogeneidade das publicações, destacando-se como limitações o número reduzido das amostras e sua ausência de representatividade, a falta de padronização dos métodos de dosagem, o delineamento transversal de grande parte dos estudos e a impossibilidade de extrapolação dos resultados. Conclusões: A desregulação da quemerina provocada pelo aumento de tecido adiposo pode contribuir para o aparecimento de doenças cardiovasculares, sugerindo que tal adipocina tem papel relevante na identificação precoce de indivíduos em risco.

ABSTRACT Objective: To review findings on chemerin and factors related to cardiovascular risk in children and adolescents. Data source: A systematic review was performed, according to the standards proposed by the PRISMA guideline, on PubMed, Science Direct, and Lilacs databases. The descriptor "chemerin" was used in combination with "children" and "adolescent", no time limit applied. The research encompassed only original articles written in English, conducted with human subjects - the adult and elderly populations excluded -, as well as literature reviews, brief communications, letters, and editorials. Data synthesis: After independent analyses of the studies by two reviewers, seven articles meeting the eligibility criteria, published between 2012 and 2016, remained for the review. Cross-sectional, prospective, cohort, and case-control studies were included. The importance of chemerin adipokines on the risk factors for cardiovascular disease is demonstrated by its association with obesity and diabetes mellitus, as well as clinical, anthropometric, and biochemical parameters. However, the strength of evidence from these studies is relatively low, due to their heterogeneity, with several limitations such as small samples and consequent lack of representativeness, lack of standardization in dosage methods, cross-sectional design of most studies, and impossibility of extrapolating results. Conclusions: The deregulation of chemerin caused by increased adipose tissue may contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases, suggesting that this adipokine may play a significant role in early identification of individuals at risk.

CHEMERIN AND FACTORS RELATED TO CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. / QUEMERINA E FATORES RELACIONADOS AO RISCO CARDIOVASCULAR EM CRIANÇAS E ADOLESCENTES: UMA REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA.

OBJECTIVE: To review findings on chemerin and factors related to cardiovascular risk in children and adolescents. DATA SOURCE: A systematic review was performed, according to the standards proposed by the PRISMA guideline, on PubMed, Science Direct, and Lilacs databases. The descriptor "chemerin" was used in combination with "children" and "adolescent", no time limit applied. The research encompassed only original articles written in English, conducted with human subjects - the adult and elderly populations excluded -, as well as literature reviews, brief communications, letters, and editorials. DATA SYNTHESIS: After independent analyses of the studies by two reviewers, seven articles meeting the eligibility criteria, published between 2012 and 2016, remained for the review. Cross-sectional, prospective, cohort, and case-control studies were included. The importance of chemerin adipokines on the risk factors for cardiovascular disease is demonstrated by its association with obesity and diabetes mellitus, as well as clinical, anthropometric, and biochemical parameters. However, the strength of evidence from these studies is relatively low, due to their heterogeneity, with several limitations such as small samples and consequent lack of representativeness, lack of standardization in dosage methods, cross-sectional design of most studies, and impossibility of extrapolating results. CONCLUSIONS: The deregulation of chemerin caused by increased adipose tissue may contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases, suggesting that this adipokine may play a significant role in early identification of individuals at risk.

OBJETIVO: Sintetizar os achados sobre a quemerina e os fatores relacionados ao risco cardiovascular em crianças e adolescentes. FONTES DE DADOS: Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática de acordo com os itens propostos pela diretriz PRISMA nas bases de dados PubMed, Science Direct e Lilacs. Utilizaram-se os descritores chemerin de forma associada a children e adolescent, sem limite de tempo. A pesquisa limitou-se a artigos originais realizados com seres humanos, em língua inglesa, excluindo-se a população adulta e idosa, assim como os artigos de revisão, comunicação breve, cartas e editoriais. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Após análise dos estudos por dois revisores, de forma independente, segundo os critérios de elegibilidade, permaneceram na revisão sete artigos, publicados entre 2012 e 2016. Foram incluídos estudos de delineamento transversal, prospectivo, coorte e caso-controle. A importância da adipocina quemerina nos fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares é demonstrada por meio de sua associação com obesidade e diabetes melito, assim como com parâmetros clínicos, antropométricos e bioquímicos. Entretanto, a força da evidência dos estudos é relativamente baixa, em função da heterogeneidade das publicações, destacando-se como limitações o número reduzido das amostras e sua ausência de representatividade, a falta de padronização dos métodos de dosagem, o delineamento transversal de grande parte dos estudos e a impossibilidade de extrapolação dos resultados. CONCLUSÕES: A desregulação da quemerina provocada pelo aumento de tecido adiposo pode contribuir para o aparecimento de doenças cardiovasculares, sugerindo que tal adipocina tem papel relevante na identificação precoce de indivíduos em risco.